Carbonite Crystal
The second most important element in Starbound Awakens, Carbonite is a carbon-based compound with multiple uses. While you will probably be using it to create cheap, mass-produced furniture, its applications go beyond that. Some important industrial and electronic components - especially those used in Lightsabers - require the use of Carbonite in them.
Carbonite Crystals, the primary source of Carbonite, can be found by mining all across planets. However, for those who use Frackin' Universe, another method is also possible - the melting down of Graphene in a Fission Furnace. Both Carbonite Crystald and Graphene alike must first be rendered into Liquid Carbonite, then sent to a Carbonite Freezing Station to be converted either into Carbonite Bars, or other components.